럼플과 골리앗에 대한 앨런 기버드의 유명한 사례가 소개된 이후 물체 중복(Material Coincidence)의 가능성은 많은 형이상학자들의 관심을 끌었다. 이 논쟁에 대해 복수론자들은 서로 다른 두 물체가 같은 시각, 같은 장소에 공존할 수 있다고 주장한 반면, 단일론자들은 그러한 가능성이 터무니없다고 믿었다. 당연하게도 복수론자들이 제시한 물체 중복의 사례들에 대해 다양한 방식의 반론들이 단일론자들에 의해 제기되었고 그 중 특히 근거지움 문제는 많은 복수론자들을 괴롭혔다. 하지만 최근 캐서린 코슬리키를 비롯한 일련의 복수론자들은 물체의 구성에 대한 아리스토텔레스의 질료형상론을 바탕으로 이 근거지움 문제를 해결하려고 시도한다. 같은 시각, 같은 (...) 장소에 두 물체가 존재할 수 있다는 믿음은 보통 그 장소에서 하나의 물체가 모두 가질 수는 없는 복수의 성질들이 예화되고 있다는 근거에 의해 지지되는데, 아리스토텔레스주의 복수론자들은 그러한 성질의 예화를 그 물체들이 각각 가지는 형상적 부분에 근거지우려고 한다. 여기서 나는 근거지움 문제에 대한 코슬리키의 해결책에 집중하면서 그의 이론이 심각한 문제에 직면함을 보인다. 다만 그러한 문제는 그가 개발하고 있는 신아리스토텔레스주의적 이론의 핵심 주장들을 포기하지 않고서도 해결될 수 있기 때문에 본 연구의 마지막에 그의 이론을 수정한 새로운 질료형상론의 가능성을 제시한다. (shrink)

우리는 일상의 다양한 사물들을 시각 경험을 통해 어렵지 않게 구분하고 판단한다. 이러한 시각경험의 인식론적 역할은 시각 경험이 가지는 고유한 현상적 특질을 통해서도 쉽게 설명된다. 레몬을 시각적으로 경험할 때와 라임을 시각적으로 경험할 때의 현상적 차이 때문에 우리는 그것들을 쉽게 구분할 수 있는 것이 그 예다. 하지만 최근 알렉스 번과 데이비드 소사에 의해 시각 경험의 현상적 특질은 우리가 외부세계에 대한 지식을 습득하는 과정에서 그 어떠한 인식론적 역할도 수행하지 못한다는 주장이 각기 제기되었다. 나는 이들의 주장이 현상적 특질의 본질에 대한 특정 이론에만 의존하고 있음을 (...) 보이고, 현상적 특질에 대한 외재주의적 관점에서 외부세계에 대한 시각경험의 인식론적 역할을 증명하고자 한다. 오직 외재주의적 관점에서 현상적 특질을 이해했을 때에만 시각경험의 인식론적 역할에 대한 우리의 상식적 판단의 근거를 마련할 수 있는 것이다. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to identify relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure activity participation through meta-analysis within the Korean context. Through this study, the inconsistent research results of previous studies are explained by comprehensively clarifying the relationship between the two variables and identifying a third variable that controls the relationship. The efforts of this project are expected to provide useful data that can be used for future research and to seek ways of increasing participation in leisure activities. (...) In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the research questions set in this study are as follows. First, what is the magnitude of the effect of the correlation coefficient between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation? Second, what are the variables that control the relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation? Materials were collected by utilizing Research Information Sharing Service, DBpia, Korean studies Information Service System, and Korea Citation Index. Finally, 20 pieces of research materials were selected with a total of 6,843 participants. The conclusions drawn from the research questions set in this study are as follows. First, leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation are in a static relationship, and their level is considerable. In other words, efforts to overcome leisure constraints increase participation in leisure activities. Second, gender, age, and type of active leisure activities are major variables that control the relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation. Finally, the limitation of this study and future research orientation were discussed. (shrink)

As documented by Darwin 150 years ago, emotion expressed in human faces readily draws our attention and promotes sympathetic emotional reactions. How do such reactions to the expression of emotion affect our goal-directed actions? Despite the substantial advance made in the neural mechanisms of both cognitive control and emotional processing, it is not yet known well how these two systems interact. Here, we studied how emotion expressed in human faces influences cognitive control of conflict processing, spatial selective attention and inhibitory (...) control in particular, using the Eriksen flanker paradigm. In this task, participants viewed displays of a central target face flanked by peripheral faces and were asked to judge the gender of the target face; task-irrelevant emotion expressions were embedded in the target face, the flanking faces, or both. We also monitored how emotion expression affects gender judgment performance while varying the relative timing between the target and flanker faces. As previously reported, we found robust gender congruency effects, namely slower responses to the target faces whose gender was incongruent with that of the flanker faces, when the flankers preceded the target by 0.1 s. When the flankers further advanced the target by 0.3 s, however, the congruency effect vanished in most of the viewing conditions, except for when emotion was expressed only in the flanking faces or when congruent emotion was expressed in the target and flanking faces. These results suggest that emotional saliency can prolong a substantial degree of conflict by diverting bottom-up attention away from the target, and that inhibitory control on task-irrelevant information from flanking stimuli is deterred by the emotional congruency between target and flanking stimuli. (shrink)

The Chinese philosophical tradition aims at a departure from the imperfect reality for the sake of the ideal. But it is also clear to the Chinese philosophers that most people would not follow their footsteps in discarding reality and seeking the ideal. The weakness of the ideal in its incapacity to change the uncultivated man defines a common thread of philosophical thinking in China, and constitutes a bitter truth which these philosophers do not make explicit. Seven philosophers from the fifth (...) to the third centuries B.C.E. are analyzed in order to develop a fresh understanding of the dialectic between the ideal and the uncultivated man: Lao Tzu, Confucius, Mo Tzu, Mencius, Chuang Tzu, Hsun Tzu, and Han Fei. Although I treat them individually rather than group similar topics for comparison, I employ a consistent mode of analysis to study each of them. ;I find that Mo Tzu perceives reality as an oppressive order and attributes it to the egoism of the uncultivated man; and under his system, oppression will prevail since Mo Tzu's proposals of political and religious controls are imperfectly designed. Mencius shows that the uncultivated man is driven by profit and is repulsed by the demands of morality, making it difficult to found a moral polity. Hsun Tzu believes that the irrationality in man withdraws the popular support from a ritual and rational regime. ;Lao Tzu argues that reality is divided between "good" and "evil," which are themselves defined by conventions. Both "good" and "evil" acquire perpetuity, and even Lao Tzu's proposal of primitivism cannot destroy them. Han Fei similarly conceives reality as composed of both moral and immoral men. His statecraft either lends support to morality or is unable to curb wickedness; accordingly, he is incapable of improving reality. ;Confucius observes that his gentlemanly ideal splits into halves as his students appropriate one mode or the other. The gentleman is underappreciated because those embodying one half or the other of the good are not sympathetic to the full ideal. Chuang Tzu thinks that most people are gripped by partisan points of view, while only a few have transcended partisanship. His ideal personality, combining both partisan and nonpartisan standpoints, would appear suspect to most people. (shrink)

"Reason and faith," the encyclical the starting point and focus on that grid has a bit of basic human dignity, which raise the status of the people there are things on top of everything else, and make absolutely privileged, that is, beyond the freedom to pursue of the privilege. Hella Cleveland Meadows said: "I have tried to know myself."敎were the interpretation of this motto and there is a coincidence site lattice theory: "" You should be aware of their own, "and (...) this motto is inscribed in Carbondale non-temple frieze on the bottom of the beams. a truth of this maxim that any one person, if you want the creature, the highlights were the reason why the nature of man, you have to pursue the truth. "and that philosophy is" to understand people's there is a fundamental truth of the way. " Like two wings of faith and reason, to enhance people's contemplative truth of the spirit. "Encyclical" God distinguished from the road leading to human and human-path leading to God, but not to separate the two, because down the road and up the road to cycle between the role and complementary role. Man up the road leading to God's being responded to Aristotle in "Metaphysics," said the first sentence: "Everyone has a natural desire for knowledge", while the highest activity of this knowledge refers permit the existence of God and its main properties . For this reason, the encyclical were敎praise Greek philosophy, metaphysics because it is certainly faith is bound to open. And open to the faith or philosophy of the first tasks required to re-find it in the "explore the full significance of life and the wisdom of last rate", the second request or task is "to understand certain people have the ability to find the truth", and the first three requirements or task more emphasis on "a philosophy based on the physical is necessary.". (shrink)

이 글은 의지의 양가성 개념을 분석한다. 특히 영미철학계에서 이 개념을 최초로 정립한 프랭크퍼트가 그것을 어떤 식으로 자리매김하는지를 모색한다. 프랭크퍼트는 욕구의 중층 구조를 이론화한 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 욕구의 구조에 대한 일반적인 설명을 시도하기도 하지만 프랭크퍼트는 그것의 매우 특수한 경우도 다룬다. ‘쥐 인간’(rat man)으로 알려진 프로이트의 사례 연구를 모형으로 프랭크퍼트는 양극의 욕구를 가진 자아 분열 상황을 다룬다. 이 글은 두 가지 논의로 구성된다. 논의의 전반부는 프랭크퍼트의 양가가치 개념을 설명한다. 이를 통해 양가가치의 부정성이 그 이론내에서 명확히 제시되지 못한 한계를 드러낸다. 후반부에서 나는 (...) 그것의 부정성을 세 가지 방식으로 해명한다. 이 중 처음의 두 시도는 어떤 측면에서는 세 번째 시도를 위한 준비 작업에 해당한다. 나는 양가가치의 부정성에 대해 인격통합성 개념과 관련해서만 그 의미 파악이 가능함을 주장할 것이다. 이 주장을 통해 프랭크퍼트 이론의 내적 정합성을 공격하기보다는 그의 이론에서 미해결로 남아 있는 부분을 해결하고자 한다. (shrink)

In recent scholarly works on automata, a major topic of discussion has been the man-machine, or the idea of considering a human being in mechanical terms.1 The notion has been deployed in the various fields of biology and physiology, in the use of the machine analogy in the description of the body; in psychology and sociology, in the elucidation of individual as well as mass behavior; and in philosophy, in the understanding of the mind in relation to, as well as (...) reaction against, the concept of machinery. The man-machine has, in fact, been a central idea with which Western culture has pondered the nature of humanity.But what of the woman-machine? When we speak of the man-machine, is the word 'man' used merely as a... (shrink)

Posthumanism reformulates the idea of human agency and its relationship with the natural world. By shunning dualisms, it blurs the man-made boundaries between the human and the animal in the natural and technological world. As a rejection of universality, posthumanist studies aim to rearrange the way we view societal values through a more intersectional approach, without completely divorcing itself from the tradition of humanism. Instead, it seeks to expand the way the human interacts with the wider world, and in the (...) case of The Vegetarian, the title character Yeong-hye’s actions may be part of a moral imperative. (shrink)

This thesis reviews Haam Seok Heon‘s See-al philosophy, the main philosophy about life in terms of women. The See-al philosophy was created by Haam, who went through the turbulent times of Korea. So far, we have had papers that dealt with his philosophy under the political, historical and religious contexts, but there has been no paper focused on women. Actually, Haam confessed that it was his mother who structured the foundation of his philosophy. He also said that he learned (...) from his mother about freedom, equality, and the basics of See-al ideas. He developed his philosophy of life, See-al, through the image of his motherwho devoted her whole life to bring him up with love and willingly sacrificed her life for her beloved son. Haam regarded women as a link of all lives in history. He also thought mothers, women in other words, have that power that gives birth, breeds lives and infuses new structure into eternal life; in addition, he stated that women have energy which pulls clear and new things out of filthy and dirty things. Through his image about women, Haam's See-al philosophy extends itself as an ecological life movement. In this paper, Haam's philosophy about women is not reviewed and analyzed by the western point of view because Haam is not a man who spent his life in so-called the "times of women" in the western view. Since his philosophy emphasizes self-reflective, independent life, freedom andequality, we might find out that there are some discrepancies between his philosophy and the lives of his mother and wife who had sacrificed their lives under the patriarchal social system. However, the meaning of Haam's independent life is totally different from the western concept of if. That is, his idea of independent life is closely related to sacrifice. In the current society under the influence of Neo-liberalism, only competition and economic logic matter; however, Haam's philosophy, which states "Life is no different between you and I, and only love can save you and I as one existence" and cherishes every single life as one organism that connects all existing things--sky, earth, human beings, etc.--is of great importance for us to reconsider. (shrink)

This thesis reviews Haam Seok Heon‘s See-al philosophy, the main philosophy about life in terms of women. The See-al philosophy was created by Haam, who went through the turbulent times of Korea. So far, we have had papers that dealt with his philosophy under the political, historical and religious contexts, but there has been no paper focused on women. Actually, Haam confessed that it was his mother who structured the foundation of his philosophy. He also said that he learned (...) from his mother about freedom, equality, and the basics of See-al ideas. He developed his philosophy of life, See-al, through the image of his motherwho devoted her whole life to bring him up with love and willingly sacrificed her life for her beloved son. Haam regarded women as a link of all lives in history. He also thought mothers, women in other words, have that power that gives birth, breeds lives and infuses new structure into eternal life; in addition, he stated that women have energy which pulls clear and new things out of filthy and dirty things. Through his image about women, Haam's See-al philosophy extends itself as an ecological life movement. In this paper, Haam's philosophy about women is not reviewed and analyzed by the western point of view because Haam is not a man who spent his life in so-called the "times of women" in the western view. Since his philosophy emphasizes self-reflective, independent life, freedom andequality, we might find out that there are some discrepancies between his philosophy and the lives of his mother and wife who had sacrificed their lives under the patriarchal social system. However, the meaning of Haam's independent life is totally different from the western concept of if. That is, his idea of independent life is closely related to sacrifice. In the current society under the influence of Neo-liberalism, only competition and economic logic matter; however, Haam's philosophy, which states "Life is no different between you and I, and only love can save you and I as one existence" and cherishes every single life as one organism that connects all existing things--sky, earth, human beings, etc.--is of great importance for us to reconsider. (shrink)

Many environmental ills derive from humanity’s unsustainable fondness for meat, a fondness that often pushes (and sometimes breaks) environmental limits and reveals unsustainable patriarchal ideologies. Han Kang’s The Vegetarian and Ang Li’s The Butcher’s Wife each, in very different ways, expose the strands of “meat and gender” enmeshments in Korea and Taiwan respectively, showing the mutual interdependence of carnivorism and patriarchal power. So deeply rooted are the entangled strands of carnivorism and sexism that contesting them (either together or apart) (...) means dismantling the very definition of human corporeality: in The Vegetarian, this means that a woman becomes a plant; in The Butcher’s Wife, it means that a man becomes the very cattle he has spent his life slaughtering; in both, questioning meat is a very dangerous challenge that comes from a woman through a narrative perspective that is clearly feminist. Both novels plainly show deep analogies and correspondences between domestic violence and violence against animals, and yet, in both, there is a taut relationship between vegetable-based histories and a more meat-based modernity. This article argues firstly that the violence of meat-eating in The Vegetarian and The Butcher’s Wife is both physical and psychological. Dreams and madness are involved. Normalcy is male, deviance female. Order is meat, chaos vegetal. And the threat of death will either be fully realized or will hang menacingly in the air. Secondly, this article argues that the novels importantly show that breaking points (psychological and environmental) are often utterly unpredictable and that once breached, the results can also be devastatingly unpredictable. (shrink)

이 글은 오늘날 우리가 분단-통일 문제를 다룰 때 어떠한 ‘통일 사유’가 필요한지 ‘철학의 실천’이라는 관점에서 논의하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이에 이 글은 첫째, 한국의 대표적인 역사학자인 강만길을 참고하면서 분단-통일문제를 철학적 사유대상으로 정립하기 위해서 우리에게 필요한 자세를 논의하고 있다. 강만길은 1970년대 ‘유신’을 거치면서 식민사관에 대항한 민족주의가 지닌 문제점에 대해 발본적인 성찰을 함으로써 분단극복의 역사학을 제시하였다. 이것을 가능하게 하였던 것은 캐논적인 인문학에 머무르지 않고 시대의 실천적 요구에 부응하는 역사학의 사명이라는 ‘자기 성찰’, 즉 ‘철학의 실천’이었다. 둘째, 이 글은 분단-통일문제를 철학적 사유의 대상으로 정립했던 (...) 송두율의 통일철학을 중심으로 하여 오늘날 철학이 사유해야 할 분단-통일 문제가 무엇인지를 논의하고 있다. 그의 철학적인 사유양식에 있어 가장 핵심적인 세 가지 측면은 한반도의 ‘전체성’으로의 전환, ‘내 안의 타자’라는 인식의 전환, ‘타자의 윤리’를 전면화 한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉, 송두율은 실존적 투영을 사유함의 동력으로 삼으면서 제3의 사유 지평 위에서 ‘경계인의 철학’, ‘통일철학’이라는 길을 개척하였던 것이다. 마지막으로, 이 글은 오늘날 우리에게 요청되는 ‘철학의 실천’으로서 ‘통일철학’의 의의가 무엇인지에 대해 논의하면서 글을 끝내고 있다. (shrink)

First published in 1983. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This study investigated the clinical application of the 2006 Third Revised Korean Nurses’ Code of Ethics and the moral sensitivity of nurses. A total of 303 clinical nurses in South Korea participated in the survey in May and June 2011. As instruments of this study, we used the 15 statements of the Korean Nurses’ Code of Ethics and Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire. The mean score for application was 3.77 ± 0.59, and the mean score for moral sensitivity was 5.14 ± (...) 0.55. The correlation coefficient of the application and moral sensitivity was 0.336. Nurses who scored high on moral sensitivity also scored high on application. In clinical settings, educational programmes to develop the moral sensitivity of nurses are necessary for improving the application of the code of ethics. (shrink)

To what extent do moral judgments depend on conscious reasoning from explicitly understood principles? We address this question by investigating one particular moral principle, the principle of the double effect. Using web-based technology, we collected a large data set on individuals' responses to a series of moral dilemmas, asking when harm to innocent others is permissible. Each moral dilemma presented a choice between action and inaction, both resulting in lives saved and lives lost. Results showed that: (1) patterns of moral (...) judgments were consistent with the principle of double effect and showed little variation across differences in gender, age, educational level, ethnicity, religion or national affiliation (within the limited range of our sample population) and (2) a majority of subjects failed to provide justifications that could account for their judgments. These results indicate that the principle of the double effect may be operative in our moral judgments but not open to conscious introspection. We discuss these results in light of current psychological theories of moral cognition, emphasizing the need to consider the unconscious appraisal system that mentally represents the causal and intentional properties of human action. (shrink)

: To what extent do moral judgments depend on conscious reasoning from explicitly understood principles? We address this question by investigating one particular moral principle, the principle of the double effect. Using web-based technology, we collected a large data set on individuals’ responses to a series of moral dilemmas, asking when harm to innocent others is permissible. Each moral dilemma presented a choice between action and inaction, both resulting in lives saved and lives lost. Results showed that: patterns of moral (...) judgments were consistent with the principle of double effect and showed little variation across differences in gender, age, educational level, ethnicity, religion or national affiliation and a majority of subjects failed to provide justifications that could account for their judgments. These results indicate that the principle of the double effect may be operative in our moral judgments but not open to conscious introspection. We discuss these results in light of current psychological theories of moral cognition, emphasizing the need to consider the unconscious appraisal system that mentally represents the causal and intentional properties of human action. (shrink)

This study provides an in-depth examination of the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and the idiosyncratic volatility of Korean companies. In line with the risk-mitigation view, the study finds that strong ESG performance is associated with a reduction in a firm's idiosyncratic volatility. The impact of ESG performance on reducing firm volatility was particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the role of ESG performance in risk mitigation during crisis periods. The study also shows that companies with (...) strong ESG performance in industries that are highly sensitive to ESG factors are particularly adept at reducing idiosyncratic volatility. These findings underscore the importance of ESG enhancement for both firm managers and policymakers, particularly within ESG-sensitive industries. (shrink)

Memory reconsolidation holds great hope for memory modification approaches and clinical treatments of mental disorders associated with maladaptive memories. However, it remains controversial as to whether reconsolidation is a general property of all types of memory. Especially, discrepancies have been reported in research focusing on whether declarative memory undergoes reconsolidation, and whether old memories can be reorganized after retrieval. Here, we discuss how these inconsistent results can be reconciled and what information we need to uncover for the general use of (...) reconsolidation. (shrink)

This paper examines Kierkegaard’s concept of the leap, Carl Schmitt’s concept of the exception, Benjamin’s concept of the origin and the extreme and tries to demonstrate that they all derive from a contingent foundation stipulating that the reason can fulfill its founding function only because of its own absence. According to these concepts, not the reason itself but the very absence of the last reason makes the foundation of the multiplicity of reasons possible. They assume a paradox figure of the (...) reason, in which the figure of the foundation coincides with the figure of the withdrawal. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

The cognitive model for social anxiety disorder highlights the role of safety behaviors and post-event processing. We identify the serial mediating effect of state and trait PEP between three types of safety behaviors and social anxiety. Given that the associations between the three subtypes of safety behaviors and two perspectives of PEP have not yet been examined, we aimed to investigate these relationships according to the level of social anxiety. A total of 487 participants participated in an online survey. Participants (...) were classified into two groups, high and low, based on their social anxiety scores. We used Social Behavior Questionnaire to distinguish three types of safety behaviors and the State and Trait versions of the Post-Event Processing Inventory to identify two perspectives of PEP. We used descriptive statistics and an independent t-test to compare the high and low social anxiety groups. Mediation effects were examined using mediation analysis and bootstrapping with 5,000 replications. The results showed that the three safety behaviors had different effects on social anxiety via PEP. In the high social anxiety group, avoidance behavior and anxiety-symptom control predicted social anxiety positively, whereas impression management did not. However, with state PEP and trait PEP as mediators, impression management and avoidance behavior positively predicted social anxiety but not anxiety-symptom control. In the low social anxiety group, only avoidance behavior was significantly related to social anxiety, but when the state and trait PEP were mediated, the effect disappeared. These results indicated that impression management could affect social anxiety only when mediated by PEP in people with high social anxiety. A better understanding of the content and processes underpinning safety behavior and PEPs might have important implications for the prevention and treatment of social anxiety disorder. (shrink)

Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration (...) as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. (shrink)

First published in 1983. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This co-edited volume compares Chinese and Western experiences of engineering, technology, and development. In doing so, it builds a bridge between the East and West and advances a dialogue in the philosophy of engineering. Divided into three parts, the book starts with studies on epistemological and ontological issues, with a special focus on engineering design, creativity, management, feasibility, and sustainability. Part II considers relationships between the history and philosophy of engineering, and includes a general argument for the necessity of dialogue (...) between history and philosophy. It continues with a general introduction to traditional Chinese attitudes toward engineering and technology, and philosophical case studies of the Chinese steel industry, railroads, and cybernetics in the Soviet Union. Part III focuses on engineering, ethics, and society, with chapters on engineering education and practice in China and the West. The book’s analyses of the interactions of science, engineering, ethics, politics, and policy in different societal contexts are of special interest. The volume as a whole marks a new stage in the emergence of the philosophy of engineering as a new regionalization of philosophy. This carefully edited interdisciplinary volume grew out of an international conference on the philosophy of engineering hosted by the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. It includes 30 contributions by leading philosophers, social scientists, and engineers from Australia, China, Europe, and the United States. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Philosophiegeschichte als philosophisches Problem. Kritische Überlegungen namentlich zu Kant und HegelJoachim LandkammerPetra Kolmer, Philosophiegeschichte als philosophisches Problem. Kritische Überlegungen namentlich zu Kant und Hegel. Freiburg/München: Alber Philosophie, 1998. Pp. 423. Cloth, DM 98.00.Das Thema verführt zu paradoxen und widersprüchlichen Selbstbezüglichkeiten: die systematische Frage, wie sich die Philosophie zu ihrer Geschichte verhält (eine Frage, die so alt ist wie die Geschichte der Philosophie selbst) kommt ihrerseits um philosophiegeschichtliche Erörterungen (...) nicht herum. Der daher eigentlich naheliegenden Einsicht, daß die Philosophie ihre eigene Geschichte ist, bzw. daß „Philosophieren" immer bedeutet, Philosophiegeschichte zu betreiben, möchte Kolmer durch ein Plädoyer für eine sozusagen „philosophiefreie", d.h. - nun in ihren Worten - eine „‚bloße' Philosophiehistorie" (379 u.ö.) entgegentreten. Unter lockerer Anlehnung an die skeptischen und anti-idealistischen Individualitäts- und Endlichkeitsphilosopheme von Odo Marquard und Hans Michael Baumgartner, soll die Philosophiegeschichte „als der Philosophie gegenüber eigenständige Wissenschaft" (57) alternativ und konträr zu einer durchwegs platonistisch-teleologisch konzipierten „Philosophiegeschichtsphilosophie" aufgefaßt werden, um so pluralistische Deutungsmöglichkeiten und weitere philosophische Entwicklungen („offene Zukunft") zuzulassen, zeitbedingte Kontexte mitzuberücksichtigen, [End Page 445] randständige Philosophen vor dem Vergessen zu bewahren (vergleichbar dem Problem der „Kleinmeister" in der Musikgeschichte) sowie das vorrationale und irreduzibel Individuelle zu seinem Recht kommen zu lassen. Warum diese hehren Ziele aber nur durch eine Abkoppelung von „der" Philosophie überhaupt und nicht lediglich durch die Abkehr von einer bestimmten, zum Teil ja vielleicht wirklich geschichtsphilosophisch „verseuchten" Tradition der Philosophiegeschichte zu erreichen sein sollen, bleibt allerdings unklar.Immerhin unternimmt Kolmer beachtenswerte interpretatorische Anstrengungen, um in den philosophiegeschichtlichen Teilen ihrer Arbeit Hintergründe und Vorausssetzungen derjenigen Konzeptionen von Philosophiegeschichte herauszuarbeiten, die das Kontrastprogramm zu ihrem Plädoyer für eine philosophisch abstinente Philosophiegeschichte darstellen: dabei werden drei kurz abgehandelten zeitgenössischen Positionen (H. Lübbe, L. Braun, J. Mittelstraß) die eingehender besprochenen Theorien der Philosophiegeschichte von Hegel und Kant (in dieser Reihenfolge!) an die Seite gestellt. Der letztgenannte scheint v.a. mit seinen in den Nachlaßaufzeichnungen dokumentierten Intentionen einer „philosophierenden Geschichte der Philosophie" die gemeinsame Plattform der genannten Theorien zu bilden; denn zum einen berufen sich die erwähnten zeitgenössischen Philosophiegeschichtstheoretiker explizit auf ihn, zum anderen liegen deutliche Analogien vor zwischen Kants Anspruch auf definitive Schlichtung aller vorausgegangenen (und noch auftauchenden) philosophischen Streitigkeiten durch den endgültigen (weder Fichtesche noch sonstige „Nachbesserungen" erfordernde) Richtspruch der kritischen Vernunft einerseits und Hegels Behauptung der „Aufhebung" der gesamten philosophiegeschichtlichen Vergangenheit im System des absoluten Geistes andererseits. Um nun Kant von diesen idealistischen Vereinnahmungen zu befreien und ihn ihrem eigenen Projekt wieder anzunähern, versucht nun Kolmer, diese Strukturähnlichkeit dadurch einzuschränken und zu differenzieren, daß sie auf der einen Seite die heutigen Theorien der Philosophiehistorie generell unter Hegelismus-Verdacht stellt (es handle sich um implizite „Theorien der geschichtlichen Vernunft"), auf der anderen aber den Graben zwischen Hegel und Kant tiefer zieht (ganz anders die Konstanzer Dissertation von Jung-Min Kang, Philosophische Philosophiegeschichte von 1998.) Dafür muß man aber bei der Kant-Exegese wegen der geringen Textbasis relativ weit ausholen und die Konfrontation mit Hegel auf allgemeinere geschichtsphilosophische Theoreme verlagern. Die Autorin übersieht dabei großzügig, daß diese sich nicht ohne weiteres auf die spezielle Programmatik der Philosophiegeschichte übertragen lassen, weswegen es hier des öfteren zu interpretatorischen Schnellschüssen und Oberflächlichkeiten kommt. Daß aber ein Buch, das für „historische Bildung" und für eine vorurteilslose („nichtkonzeptualistische") „Arbeit an den Texten" (82) plädiert - die monistisch-idealistische Philosophiegeschichtsphilosophie sei der kompensatorische Versuch, „mit allen Texten, die man nicht selbst verfaßt hat, grundsätzlich schon fertig zu sein, noch bevor man sie gelesen hat" (399) - darüberhinaus eine gewisse Schlampigkeit im Umgang mit den interpretierten Schriften an den Tag legt, entzieht dem Plädoyer für die anti-spekulative „literarische Einstellung zu Texten" (81) das historistisch-philologische Fundament. So will die Autorin auf S. 333 die Sicht Kants auf den vorkritischen Zustand der Philosophie u.a. mit einem Zitat aus Kants Streit der Fakultäten [End Page 446] belegen, wo („A 44") die Rede sei vom „Krieg, d.i. Zwietracht aus der Entgegensetzung der Endabsichten in Ansehung des gelehrten Mein und Dein". Im Wortlaut steht bei... (shrink)

We review the psychological literature on the organization of valence, discussing theoretical perspectives that favor a single dimension of valence, multiple valence dimensions, and positivity and negativity as dynamic and flexible properties of mental experience that are contingent upon context. Turning to the neuroscience literature that spans three levels of analysis, we discuss how positivity and negativity can be represented in the brain. We show that the evidence points toward both separable and overlapping brain systems that support affective processes depending (...) on the level of resolution studied. We move from large-scale brain networks that underlie generalized processing, to functionally specific subcircuits, finally to intraregional neuronal distributions, where the organization and interaction across levels allow for multiple types of valence and mixed evaluations. (shrink)